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Torsion Bars
Torsion bars are, perhaps, the oldest form of spring. They are made from a single straight piece of round or rectangular wire. They store and release energy by using a twisting action. The most efficient are made from round wire.
Helical springs are really descendents of this spring type. They work just like this type of spring with fastened ends. This is why the formulas used for basic rate and stress are the same as those used for compression springs.
These same formulas are also used for wire forms because wire forms can be thought of as combinations of this type and beam springs. This spring type can also use the same stress values as helical springs. Shot blasting works for them, as well. Presetting works, too. Presetting increases the load capacity in the direction of preset. Therefore a maximum stress higher than the yield stress can be used. Beware, presetting will reduce the load capacity in the opposite direction of the set. In a lot of installations the bar is fastened to lever arms by a splined end. This allows for greater deflections because the splined end will give as well as the lever arm. Also consider that the lever arm may not always pull tangentially. This will cause some discrepencies in designing, but for most cases the formulas given here will be satisfactory.
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